Ø This material is only for revision process
Ø These bullets will give you an insight about the different periods of History
Ø The art and culture section is excluded from this portion as it will be covered separately
Ø Summary of NIOS (Ancient+ Medieval + Modern India +Indian Culture) will be made soon
Ø That material will save a lot of time for preparation and will give you the rare trivia and useful information needed for Prelims
NB: This note is a compilation of many books, online sources etc. The ultimate agenda is to benefit for the exam. Profuse thankfulness to all
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TUGHLAQ DYNASTY
Ø It was Ghazi Malik, who later became Sultan ‘Ghiyassuddin Tughlaq’.
Ø Historians say that Tughlaq was not the name of any tribe but was the Sultans personal name.
Ø Ghiyassuddin Tughlaq discarded the Systems of Alauddin Khilji. He ignored the measurement of land.
Ø Many canals were constructed during his period. The famine policy of the Sultan relieved the peasant hardships.
Ø He built the city of Tughlaqabad which was fortified.
Ø He sent his prince ‘Jauna Khan’ (Later Mohammad Bin Tughlaq) to South India.
Ø Jauna Khan made a wooden pavilion in Afghanpur to welcome the Sultan and later the pavilion collapsed and the Sultan died.
Ø According to Ibn Batuta, Jauna Khan was responsible for this murder.
MOHAMMAD BIN TUGHLAQ (1325-51)
Ø Prince Jauna Khan later became ‘Sultan Mohammad Bin Tughlaq’.
Ø He was a scholar in Persian and Arabic. He was an expert in Astronomy, Medicine, Logic, Mathematics, Philosophy etc.
Ø He was an academic genius.
Ø He was the first Sultan who visited the tomb of Moinuddin Chisti at Ajmer.
Ø He built the Mausoleum of Nizamuddin Auliya at Delhi.
Ø He maintained good relations with the neighbouring countries. He sent envoys to Egypt, Khurasan, China, Syria, Iraq and Iran.
Ø He wanted to make the royal office open to talent and merit. He discarded caste, religion, clan etc.
Ø He was known as ‘Pagla Tughalaq’ (Mad Tughlaq).
Ø He adopted many policies in his reign and wanted to make his empire great.
Ø His ideas were brilliant, but the execution created large scale sufferings.
Ø That is why he is known as a mad sultan.
Ø He started a new department for agriculture called ‘Diwan-i-amir-Kohi’.
Ø Ibn Batutah was a Moorish traveller
Ø He carne to India in 1333 and was appointed chief qazi of Delhi by Mohammad bin-Tughlaq
Ø He has left an invaluable account of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq’s reign
Ø In his old age, Ibn Batutah recorded his adventures in a book called Safarnamah
Ø In 1334, Madurai and then Warangal broke free of the Sultanate
Ø In 1336, Vijayanagar and in 1347, the Bahmani kingdoms were founded
Ø Mohammad Tughlaq maintained good relations with foreigners, and received an envoy from the Chinese ruler, Toghan TImur (1341), who came to seek permission to rebuild Buddhist temples in the Himalayan region which were destroyed during the Quarajal expedition
Ø He, in turn, sent Ibn Batutah to the Chinese emperor in 1347
THE BLUNDERS OF MOHAMMAD BIN TUGHLAQ
Ø His taxation policy in the Doab region was an utter failure. He knew that the Doab region of Ganga and Yamuna were very fertile. So he raised the taxation upto twenty times. But the region during the time was in the grip of a severe famine. Thousands of people suffered and dies.
Ø He wanted to cultivate large lands and spent huge money on it. Finally after two years, he realized that the selected land was infertile.
Ø He changed his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad. Everything was moved from Delhi. After some time, he realized that the place was not ideal and again shifted the capital to Delhi.
Ø He introduced the Token Currency which was a big failure.
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DO YOU KNOW WHY THE CAPITAL WAS SHIFTED?
Ø To have a centrally located capital
Ø It was not near the north-west frontier which was constantly under Mongol attacks
Ø To establish stability in the Deccan which was a recent conquest
Ø To cement his relations with the people of the South which he found was a rich region
NB: Ibn Batutah says that Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq was disgusted with the population of Delhi and thus wanted to punish them. But most of the historians do not agree with Ibn Batutah
FIROZ SHAH TUGHLAQ
Ø He supported the common people on a large scale basis.
Ø The loans were cancelled to relieve the burden of the peasants.
Ø He abolished many oppressive taxes. He taxed only Shariat, Kharaj, Zakat, Jazia and Kham.
Ø A special department called ‘Diwan-a-Khairat was established to help the poor and needy.
Ø An employment bureau like an Employment Exchange was started by him.
Ø Free hospitals were created. One of them is ‘Dar-ul-Shafa’ in Delhi.
Ø Several cities like Firozabad, Jaunpur Fatehbad were created.
Ø Two of Asoka’s pillars were brought Topara and Meerut to Delhi.
Ø He charged Jaziya on the Brahmins. He destroyed the temple of Jwalamukhi and Jagan nath Puri.
Ø Weak successors followed him and finally the Tughlaqs were overthrown.
Ø Firoz Tughlaq re-introduced the system of jagirs or grant of land with its revenue to his military officers in lieu of cash salaries
Ø He decreed hereditary succession to iqta
Ø Firoz Tughlaq constructed the Yamuna canal to supply water to the cities of Firuzpur and Hissar
Ø He built the Kali Masjid and Lal Gumbad
Ø Firoz is also credited with organising the institution of slavery into a system
Ø He took special care to maintain and educate the slaves, and utilise their services as soldiers, bodyguards and artisans
Ø He is reported to have demolished Hindu temples
Ø He is also supposed to have publicly burnt a brahman for preaching to Muslims
Ø He got the painted murals in his own palaces erased
TIMUR’S INVASION (1398-99)
Ø Amir Timur or Timurlane was a mighty conqueror of Central Asia
Ø His capital was at Samarqand. He invaded India in 1398 during the reign of Mahmud Tughlaq
Ø He occupied Delhi on December 18, 1398 and remained there for 15 days
Ø Delhi was sacked and plundered
Ø The Tughlaq empire could never recover from such a terrible blow and came to an end in 1412
SAYYID DYNASTY
Ø After the Tughlaqs, the Sayyids controlled the empire. They reigned from 1414-1451.
Ø They claimed themselves as the descendants of Prophet Mohammad.
Ø The first ruler was Khizr Khan who was an able administrator. He didn’t conquer many areas but had to suppress many revolts.
Ø After the death of Khizr Khan, Mubarak Shah succeeded him on the throne. He was also a wise man and efficient ruler.
Ø He founded the city of Mubarakabad.
Ø He was succeeded by Muhammad Shah. He was not a great ruler and often misused the power. He was a pleasure loving sultan.
Ø He was succeeded by Alam Shah. He lived in a place called ‘Baduan’ and spent his time there forever. Later on slowly Bahlul Lodhi took over and Sayyid dynasty ended.
LODI DYNASTY
Ø They came to power after defeating the Sayyids.
Ø They belonged to the Ghizlai tribes of Afghans. There were 3 main rulers in the Lodi dynasty.
Ø Bahlul Lodi (1451-1489) annexed the Sharqi kingdom
Ø The Lodis were the first Afghans to rule India.
Ø Sikandr Lodi (1489-1517) was the greatest and ablest ruler among them.
Ø His original name was Nezam Shah.
Ø Sikandar transferred the capital from Delhi to Agra, a city he founded
Ø Sikandar was the most capable monarch of the Lodi dynasty
Ø His administration was strict and impartial
Ø He sacked the temples of Mathura and converted the buildings to Muslim uses
Ø He demolished the famous Jwalamukhi temple at Nagarkot
Ø He charged jaziya and pilgrim's tax from the Hindus with severity
Ø He went so far as to order destruction of the mosques built by the Sharqi rulers of Jaunpur, but retreated when the ulemas disapproved of such moves
Ø He is also considered a patron of scholars and philosophers, and he got many Sanskrit works translated into Persian
Ø During his reign, the prices of the commodity were very cheap.
Ø He encouraged agriculture, made safe roads for travelling.
Ø He introduced, ‘Gaj-i-Sikandri’ for the measurement of land.
Ø He wrote Persian verses under the name ‘Gulrukhi’.
Ø Ibrahim Lodi (1517-1526) captured Gwalior. He was defeated by Rana Sangha of Mewar.
Ø In order to take revenge of the insults done by Ibrahim Lodi, Daulat Khan Lodi asked the ruler of Kabul, ‘Babur’ to invade India.
THE ADMINISTRATION OF SULTANATE
SOME OF THE DEPARTMENTS OF THE SULTANATE
Diwan-i-Risalat Department of Appeals
Diwan-i-Arz Military department
Diwan-i-Bandaga Slaves department
Diwan-i-Insha Record department
Diwan-i-Wizarat Finance department
Diwan-i-waquf Income & expenditure
Diwan-i-Ishtiqaq Charity and Mint
Diwan-i-Amir-kohi Agriculture
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Ø The administration has Islamic ideals and Rajput style of government.
Ø Most of the Sultan accepted the Calipha and kept on ruling as the representatives of the Calipha.
Ø Balban called himself the ‘Shadow of the god’.
Ø Three sultans sought and secured the Mansur or letter of investiture from the Calipha. It included Iltutmish and Mohammad Bin Tughlaq.
Ø Firoz Tughlaq sought and secured it twice.
Ø The commander of the royal army, the crown prince and other minsters formed the ‘Majlis-i-Khawat/Majli-i-am.
Ø The provincial government was not well developed. The provincial governors were called ‘Walis/Muqtas.
Ø The provinces were divided into ‘Shiqs’/districts governed by Shiqdars.
Ø The judicial system was based on the Islamic Laws and drew its sources from Quran, Hadis and Ijma.
Ø The punishments were very severe.
Ø The village panchayats could deliver their justice on the basis of the local customs and conventions.
Ø The durbar of the sultan was the highest civil and criminal court of Justice.
Ø The Sultan was assisted by a number of ministers who were chosen by him and remained in office and functions of the ministers varied from time to time
Ø A definite system of administration developed towards the end of the thirteenth century
Ø The key figure in the administration was the Wazir
Ø In the earlier period, the wazirs were primarily military leaders
Ø In the fourteenth century, the Wazir began to be considered expect in revenue officers, and presided over large department dealing both with income and expenditure
Ø The Wazir was assisted by accountant called Mustafa and an auditor called mushrif-i-mammalik
Ø The ruler', household was another important department of state
Ø It looked after personal comforts of the Sultan and requirements of large number of women in the royal household
IQTA SYSTEM
Ø Another marked feature of the administrative system of Turko-Afghan was the iqta system
Ø Initially, these were allotted to leading Turkish nobles
Ø The holders of these offices were called muqtas
Ø It was these tracts which later became provinces or Subas
Ø At first the muqtis were almost independent, they were expected to maintain law and order and collect revenue due to the government
Ø Out of the money collected, they were expected to meet the salaries due to the soldiers and keep the balance
Ø As the central government became stronger, it began to control the muqtis closely
Ø It began to ascertain the actual income, and fix the salaries of the soldiers and muqtis in cash
Ø The muqti was now required to remit to the centre the balance of the income after meeting the expenditure
Ø Below the provinces were the Shiqs and below them the Paragana
Ø The villages were grouped into units of 100 or 84 to form Paraganas
Ø The Paragana was headed by the Amil
Ø The most important people in the village were the khut (landowners) and the muqaddam or headman
Ø There was also the patwari or the village accountant
Ø The village administration was carried on as before and was not disturbed so long as it paid the land revenue due from it
THE MUGHAL EMPIRE
Ø The Mughal Empire in India was founded by Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur.
BABUR (1526-30)
Ø His father’s name was Omar Shaikh Mirza.
Ø He was the descendant of Timur from the father’s side and of Chengiz Khan from the mother’s side.
Ø His family belonged to the ‘Chagatai’ clan.
Ø Babur was invited to India to fight and defeat Ibrahim Lodi.
Ø The first battle of Panipat was fought in 1526 AD. Ibrahim Lodi was defeated.
Ø His army was scientifically arranged. He used Artillery in the battle.
Ø His army was well disciplined and knew the latest war tactics.
Ø In 1527, he fought the ‘Battle of Khanwa’. Rana Sangha was defeated.
Ø In 1528, the ‘Battle of Chanderi’ was fought. Babur led a campaign against Meidini Rai.
Ø In 1529, the ‘Battle of Ghagra’ was fought. The Afghan chiefs under Mahmud Lodi were defeated.
Ø Babur had a passion for literary activities. He wrote his own biography. It was titled as ‘Tuzuk-i-Babri. It was written in Turkish.
Ø This work was translated into Persian by Abdur Rahim Khan-Khananan as Baburnama.
NASIRUDDIN MOHAMMAD HUMAYUN (1530-1556)
Ø He was born to Mahamanga in Kabul.
Ø His brothers always challenged his rule and ambitions.
Ø His brothers at the time of the death of Babur were placed in different regions.
BROTHERS OF HUMAYUN AND OTHER DETAILS OF HUMAYUN
Ø Kamran was the governor of Kabul and Qandahar.
Ø Hindal was the governor of Mewar
Ø Askari was the governor of Sambhal
Ø Humayun marched against Kalinjar and is known as his campaign of Kalinjar.
Ø Humayun later on carried the ‘Eastern Campaign’. He marched towards Chunar which was very powerful and was known as ‘Gateway of Eastern India.
Ø Bhadur Shah of Gujarat was creating a lot of problems. Humayun reached there and sought an understanding.
Ø In 1539, the ‘Battle of Chausa’ was fought between Sher Shah and Humayun’s army. Humayun was badly defeated.
Ø In 1540, the ‘Battle of Kannauj was fought by Humayun.
Ø Humayun fled from Indian and took shelter in the Iranian court.
Ø The battle of Machhiwara and Sirhind was also fought by Humayun. Sher Shah’s son Islam died and there was no proper successor to take lead. Humayun used this chance and made a comeback.
Ø They fought at Machhiwara and a battle at Sirhind and defeated Sikandar Sur. Thus Humayun successfully made a comeback. The Mughal flag was once again hoisted.
Ø In 1556, Humayun fell down the ‘Sher Mandal’, the library and died.
Ø He brought two painters from Persia. They were Mir Sayyed Ali and Abdus Samad.
JALALUDDIN MOHAMMAD AKBAR (1556-1605)
Ø Akbar was born to Hamida Banu Begum at Amarkot.
Ø He was born at Rana Veersal’s Palace.
Ø He was under the tutelage of Bairam Khan.
Ø When Humayun died, Akbar was made the Emperor of India.
Ø Bairam Khan was appointed as the ‘Waqil’ and had the title ‘Khan-e-Khana’.
Ø As Akbar was small, Bengal, Bihar, Malwa and Gujarat proclaimed their independence.
Ø In 1556, the second battle of Panipat was fought. First series of battles were led by Hemu and they defeated the Mughals.
Ø Bairam Khan changed the plans and re attacked them and Hemu was struck with an arrow in his eye.
Ø The battle was regained and Akbar’s army was successful in the 2ND Battle of Panipat.
Ø Akbar after some time dismissed Bairam Khan and started controlling the Mughal affairs on his own.
Ø Bairam Khan was sent back to Mecca and on his way was murdered.
Ø Akbar married his widow ‘Salima Begum’ and brought up the Child as his son.
Ø He is the famous ‘Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan.
Ø Even after the death of Bairam Khan, Akbar remained in the control and influence of the Harem and his foster mother ‘Maham Anaga’ and her son ‘Adham Khan’.
Ø Adham Khan started to take independent steps and Akbar threw him down from the parapet and killed him. He got out from the Harem influence.
Ø Akbar captured the fort of Chittoor. Rana Udai Singh was the ruler at that time.
Ø In the battle of Haldighati “Akbar defeated Maha Rana Prathap”.
Ø Gujarat always attracted Akbar and he attacked it. In order to commemorate the victory of Gujarat conquest, he built the ‘Buland Darwaza’ in Fatehpur Sikri.
Ø He made many liberal measures. After the war, Hindu soldiers and their wives/families should not be converted to Islam or made slaves.
Ø In 1564, He abloshed Jaziyah. Akbar abolished the Pilgrim tax.
Ø He opened a translation department to translate works of Sanskrit into Persian.
Ø He took part in the festival of Hindus. He discouraged Child marriages and Sati.
Ø He made regular pilgrimage to Sheikh Moinuddin Chisti at Ajmer.
Ø He had great Hindu officials like Todarmal, Birbal, Mansingh etc.
Ø His interest towards philosophical discussion started the creation of ‘Ibadat Khana’ (Hall of Worship) at Fathepur Sikri.
Ø The Ibadat Khana was open to Hindus, Jains, Christians etc.
Ø He replaced the power of Ulema with the power of the Emperor.
Ø He established the religion called the ‘Din-i-illahi’/Divine Monotheism.
Ø The basic purpose of the religion was ‘Sul-i-kul’/Universal harmony.
AKBAR AND HIS ADMINISTRATIVE MEASURES
Ø He abandoned the Islamic taxation.
Ø Adopted a common system of Coinage, weights and measures.
Ø He formed the new system of revenue under the guidance of Raja Todarmal. It was known as Todarmals Bandopast.
Ø It was the Zabti system based on measurement and classification of land.
Ø The Mansabdari system is the most famous one.
NOORUDDIN MOHAMMAD JAHANGIR (1605-1627)
Ø He started the concept of ‘Twelve Edicts/ordinances for the welfare of the people.
Ø His reign saw the rebellion of his son ‘Khusrau’ at Lahore. Jahangir suppressed the rebellion and captured the prince. He was also blinded and later killed.
Ø The 5th Sikh guru, who gave the blessings to Khusrau was fined. Later the guru was killed.
Ø This created hatred between the Sikhs and Mughals.
Ø The greatest loss of Jahangir was defeat in Kandahar. It was annexed by the Persians.
Ø He married a young widow ‘Mihrunnisa’ who later got the title ‘Noor Mahal’ (Light of the palace’)
Ø She later began ‘Noor Jahan’. Later she controlled the Mughal empire and was even promoted to the status of ‘Padshah Begum’.
Ø She gave high positions to her father’Itmad-ud-daulah and brother ‘Asaf Khan’.
Ø Later on, Asaf Khan’s daughter ‘Arjumand Bano Begum’ (Mumtaz Mahal) was married to Prince Khurram(Shah Jahan).
Ø Jahangir’s time saw the arrival of the representatives of King James I of England. Captain Hawkings and Sir Thomas Roe visited his court.
Ø As a result factories were opened in Surat, Agra, Ahmadabad and Broach.
SHAHJAHAN (1628-58)
Ø At the time of death of Jahangir, he was in the Deccan region.
Ø Soon at the death, Noor Jahan made Shahryar as the emperor. Asaf Khan made Dawar Baksh, the ruler. Shah Jahan came back and defeated all of them.
Ø Shahryar was blinded and became the emperor of India.
Ø He chased the Portuguese from Hoogly.
Ø In 1636, his son Aurangazeb was appointed as the viceroy of Deccan.
Ø Kandahar was once again regained by Shah Jahan. But after some time, Shah Abbas II of Persia took it back. Shah Jahan tried to get it back but ended in miserable failure.
Ø The Ahoms were defeated by the Mughals.
Ø Ahmadnagar and Golconda accepted Shah Jahans suzerainty.
SHAHJAHANS SONS AND PLACEMENTS
Ø Dara Shikoh (eldest) was the governor of Punjab and Multan.
Ø Shuja was the governor of Bengal.
Ø Aurangazeb was the governor of Deccan.
Ø Murad was the governor of Gujarat.
Ø With the different sons operating in different regions, the war of succession started when Shah Jahan became ill.
Ø The war of succession started and was followed by many wars. Some of the battles are discussed below.
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WAR OF SUCCESSION BATTLES
Ø Battle of Bahadurgarh was fought between Shuja and Dara. Shuja was defeated.
Ø Battle of Dharmat was fought between Aurangazeb and Murad and forces of Dara. Dara was defeated.
Ø Battle of Samugarh was fought. Aurangazeb became victorious and imprisoned Shah Jahan.
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AURANGAZEB (1658-1707)
Ø His mother was Mumtaz and was brought up by Noor Jahan.
Ø He married Dilras Bano Begum who was a princess of Iran.
Ø Aurangazeb finally became the emperor of India. He had two coronations.
Ø He abolished the inland transit duties and octroi.
Ø He was a champion of Sunni orthodoxy.
Ø He avoided the celebration of New Year’s Day, ‘Nauroz’.
Ø He strictly enforced the Quranic law.
Ø The weighing of the Emperor and the practice of ‘Jharokha darshan’ was banned.
Ø He banned the observance of Hindu festivals.
Ø He appointed Mir Jumla as the governor of Bengal in 1660.
Ø The independent Jat and Bundela states came into being.
Ø The revolts of Bundelas under the leadership of Champat Rai and Chhattarsal were suppressed.
Ø His Deccan policy is divided into 4 phases. The first one was led by Jai Singh.
Ø The second one was unsuccessful because of the tripartite alliance formed by Golconda, Shivaji and Bijapur.
Ø The 3rd one was complete with the capture of Bijapur and Golconda.
Ø The 4th one was complete with the capture of Sambhaji.
MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION
Ø Akbar had a centralized administration with proper demarcations in the departments.
Ø The king was the head of everything. The rule was despotic monarchy.
Ø The Diwan was the minister of finances. There were Mustaufi (Auditor) and Mushriff (Accounts).
Ø Mir Bakshi was the head of the military. The Mir Saman/Khan Saman was in charge of buildings, Karkhanas etc.
Ø Sadr-us-sadr was in charge of the religious matters.
Ø Barids were the efficient intelligence officers.
Ø The empire was divided into Provinces/ Subas. In 1580, there were 12 Subas.
Ø The head of the province was called ‘Subedar’.
Ø At the district level there were Fauzdar, Amalguzar and Kotwals who were maintaining law and order.
Ø Shiqdar was the head of the Parganas.
SOME OF THE FAMOUS BOOKS
KITAB AL HIND AL BERUNI
KANUN AL MASUDI AL BERUNI
TABAQATI NAZIRI MINHAS-SIRAJ
TARIK-I-FIRUZ-SHAHI BARANI
FATUHAT-I-FIROZSHAHI FIROZ TUGHLAQ
REHALA IBN BATUTA
AKBARNAMA ABUL FAZL
TABAKAT-I-AKBARI NIZAMUDIN AHMAD
BADSHAHNAMAH ABDUL HAMID LAHORI
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ADMINISTRATIVE FACTS
Ø MANSABDARI SYSTEM was introduced by Akbar in 1577.
Ø It was based on Mongol organization of army.
Ø There was Zat and Sawar status.
Ø A rank/Mansab fixed the status.
Ø The lowest rank was 10 and highest was 5000 for nobles.
Ø The Mansabdars who got pay in cash were called Naqdi.
Ø Those who got through the Jagirs were called as Jagirdar.
Ø Gallabakshi/Batai was the oldest type in which produce was divided between the state and the peasants.
Ø Kankut system had an estimate prepared on the basis of inspection.
Ø Jahangir introduced the ‘Do-aspah-Sih-aspah which means a trooper of 2-3 horses.
Ø Shah Jahan introduced the Months scale. Salaries were paid on Month basis.
SHER SHAH
Ø His real name was Farid.
Ø He defeated Humayun in the battle of Chausa.
Ø He again defeated Humayun in the battle of Kannauj/Bilgram.
Ø His son Islam Shah succeeded him.
Ø He built the Grand Trunk road from Sonargoan in Begal to Peshawar and fostered trade and commerce.
Ø He constructed many Sarais which had lodgings for the travelers.
Ø He completed the city called ‘Purana Qila’. His mausoleum is at ‘Sasaram’.
Ø Silver Rupee was introduced for the first time.
Ø Sher Shah changed the system of assessment of land revenue and also introduced some improvements in the methods of its collection He aimed at introducing a system of Land Revenue where the cultivator was asked to pay primarily in kind one-third of the expected produce of the crop from the land under cultivation
Ø Land was measured and the same was recorded against every cultivator
Ø The unit of measurement was the yard of Sikandar Lodi, 32 digits long
Ø The Land Revenue was collected by the village Headman who charged 5 per cent of his labour
Ø Another 5 per cent seems to have been collected for the expenses incurred on visiting public servants
Ø The amount of revenue collected depended upon the area under cultivation and the types of the crops cultivated
Ø If more area was brought under cultivation, more money went into the exchequer of the state
Ø The Pargana was the main unit for revenue collection
Ø It consisted of a large number of villages
Ø The Shiqdar was responsible for the collection of land revenue
Ø The great merit of the reforms of Sher Shah in the field of revenue administration was that he introduced a permanent schedule of rates and also defined the mutual rights and obligations of the peasants of the State through Patta and Qabuliyat
Ø He adopted measurements as the normal measures of assessment and adjusted the interest of all the parties concerned in a harmonious manner. His guiding motto was justice to all
Ø The criminal law of that time was very hard and punishments were severe
Ø The object of punishment was not to reform the criminal but to set an example so that the others may not do the same
Ø Sher Shah gave severe punishment in the case of Government officials an other persons of high status
There is a story regarding the high standard of justice given by Sher Shah
Ø One of his nephews threw a betel leaf at the wife of a goldsmith who was taking her bath at the enclosure of her house
Ø The matter was brought to the notice of Sher Shah and he ordered that the wife of his nephew should be asked to start her bath in the same way and the goldsmith be allowed to throw a betel leaf at her
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MARATHAS
Ø Much before the rise of Shivaji, the Marathas had a respectable position as Silhdars and Mansabdar.
Ø Shivaji belonged to the Bhonsle clan.
Ø The persons who inspired his life were Dadaji Kondev and Guru Ramdas.
Ø He took active part in the administration of Poona Jagir. He took forced possession of the hill fort of Torna.
Ø In 1653 he captured Kalyan.
Ø In 1660, Afzal Khan, the general of Adil Shahi kingdom was given an expedition against Shivaji.
Ø Afzal Khan tried to kill him with a dagger, but Shivaji killed him with the tiger-claw.
Ø Shivaji attacked the mansion of Shaistha Khan.
Ø In 1665, Aurangazeb appointed Mirza Raja Jai singh to lead a campaign against Shivaji. Shivaji negotiated for submission.
Ø In 1674, his grand coronation took place at his capital at Raigarh.
Ø His last and longest campaign took him to Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
Ø He was followed by Sambhaji, Raja Ram and Shahu.
Ø The Maratha administration was based on the pattern adopted by Malik Ambar and Mahmud Gawan in Bahmani.
Ø The empire was divided into two parts Swaraj.
Ø The council of minster’s were called as ‘Ashtapradhan’ .
Ø The army was well maintained during the time of Marathas.
Ø Chauth and Sardeshmukhi were land taxes collected from Mughal territories in the beginning.
Ø Chauth was 1/4th of the land revenue so that it will not be sullied to the Maratha raids.
Ø Sardeshmukhi was an additional levy which Shivaji demanded.
Ø The territories of the enemies from which Chauth and Sardeshmukhi was obtained was called ‘Mughalai’.
THE PESHWAS
Ø BALAJI VISHWANATH (1713-1720)
Ø PESHWA BAJI RAO (1720-40)
Ø PESHWA BALAJI BAJ RAO (1740-61)(NANA SAHEB)
Ø PESHWA MADHAV RAO (1761-1772)
SIKHISM
Ø It was founded as sect by Guru Nanak.
Ø Guru Nanak was the first guru who died in 1539.
Ø Guru Angad invented the Gurumukhi.
Ø Guru Ramdas fought against Purdah system and Sati system.
Ø Guru Ramdas founded the city of Amritsar. Akbar granted a plot in which the Golden Temple is constructed.
Ø Guru Arjun Dev founded the Swarna Mandir. Jahangir killed him. He composed Adigranth.
Ø Guru Hargovind transformed the Sikhs into a militant community. They founded the Akal Takht and fortified the city of Amritsar.
Ø They were followed by the other guru’s. Guru Hargovind was followed by Guru Har Rai, Guru Har Kishan.
Ø Guru Har Kishan was followed by Guru Teg Bhadur. He was executed by Aurangazeb.
Ø Guru Govind Singh was the last guru. He founded the Khalsa army.
SUFISM
Ø It is a common word normally given to Islamic Mysticism.
Ø It is much older and came to India before Delhi Sultanate. But the large scale flow of Sufis from different Islamic regions came to India with the establishment of Delhi Sultanate.
Ø They accepted the Prophethood of Mohammad and the authority of Quran.
Ø They borrowed different ideas and practices from Christianity, Hinduism, and Zoroastrianism.
Ø They believed in the doctrine of ‘Wahadat-ul-wajud’ which meant ‘The unity of the being’.
Ø The two goals of Sufis are spiritual development and Service to Humanity.
Ø They had great interest in yoga and meditation.
Ø They believed that Music and Dance made them closer to the god.
Ø The practice of ‘Spiritual preceptorship’ is known as ‘Piri Muridi’.
There are different orders for Sufis. There are different groups of Sufis and are called by different names. There are differences in their beliefs and orientation.
Ø In the 16th century, Abul Fazl mentions around 14 orders of Sufism.
Ø The Sufi orders are called as ‘Silsilas’.
Ø Some of the orders are randomly discussed here.
Ø The Chisti Order in India was founded by Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti.
Ø Firdausi Order was founded by Badruddin Samarqandi.
Ø Suhravardi Order was founded by Sheikh Shihabuddin Suravardi.
Ø Qadiri Order was founded by Nimattuallah Qadiri.
• There are other Orders like Naqshabandhi, Shattatri, and Nizamia.
THE BHAKTI MOVEMENT
Ø The main objective was to reform the Hindu religion.
Ø The second one was to bring friendly relations between the Hindus and Muslims.
Ø The movement in North India had two schools. The schools were called as ‘Saguna’ and Nirguna.
Ø The founder of Bhakti movement in North India was Ramananda. He discarded caste rules. He preached Rama and Sita.
Ø He had many disciples like Kabir, Raidas, Dhanna, Sena, Pipa etc.
Ø Kabir was the radical disciple of Ramananda. His teachings were contained in the Doahs. He represented Nirguna tradition.
Ø His followers organized into the Kabir Panthis.
Ø Namadeva was the Maratha saint who preached against image worship and casteism.
Ø Guru Nanak was the founder of Sikh faith. He emphasized on one god.
Ø He practiced the concept of ‘Community Kitchen’ or Guru ka langar.
Ø Vallabhacharya laid emphasis on Krishna as the almighty.
Ø Raidasa’s followers organized into Raidasapanth.
Ø Chaitanya’s real name was Viswambar Misra/Guaram. His biography ‘Chaitanya Charitmala’ was written by Krishna Kavriraj.
Ø Chaitanya’s philosophy is called as ‘Achityabhedavada’.
Ø Surdas was the devotee of Lord Krishna.
Ø Tulasidas belonged to the ‘Saguna School’. He believed Lord Shri Rama.
Ø Mirabhai was famous for her devotion towards Krishna. She has composed so many songs.
Ø Dadu Dayal is a Nirguna saint. He encouraged compilation of sayings of different saints.
Ø Jagjivandas founded the ‘Satnami Sect’. He was the preacher of Hindu Muslim unity.
Ø Ekanath pubished the first reliable edition of Janeshwari.
Ø Tukaram is contemporary of Shivaji and was similar to Kabir. He promoted nationalism in Maharasthra.
Chief Principles of Bhakti Movement:
Ø The chief principles of the Bhakti movement were as follows:
Ø It is Bhakti or devotion to God alone that can help man attain salvation
Ø It is important to follow a true guru for realizing God
Ø All men are equal and no one is superior or inferior
Ø Caste distinctions, rituals, fasts, etc., are useless and lead to nowhere
Ø All men should be tolerant
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The Bhakti Movement impact
The Bhakti movement had far-reaching effects on the people. Firstly, it helped a lot in removing the existing bitterness between the Hindus and the Muslims. Both became more tolerant towards each other.
Secondly, the Bhaktas exposed the hollowness of empty rituals and ceremonies and taught the people to give up evils like belief in superstitions etc. This movement delta a blow to the superiority of the Brahmins, for it propagated the equality of all men. This also helped in checking conversions.
Thirdly, the Bhakti reformers preached in the common language of the people, which gave rise to the vernacular languages such as Bengali in the east, Gujarati and Marathi in the west and Punjabi in the north.
VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE
The different dynasties that make up the Vijayanagara kingdom can be discussed.
DYNASTY FOUNDER
SANGAM HARIHARA &BUKKA
SALUVA SALUVA NARASIMHA
TULUVA VIRA NARASIMHA
ARAVIDU TIRUMALA
NB: The empire was founded by Harihara and Bukka in 1336
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Ø Krishnadeva Raya belonged to Tuluva dynasty and was the greatest of all the rulers.
Ø Devaraya and Devaray II were kings in the Sangma dynasty.
Ø Krishnadeva Raya is also known as ‘Andhra Bhoja’.
Ø He himself was a scholar and poet.
Ø He wrote ‘Amyuktamalyada’, a Telugu work on polity.
Ø Another work written by him was called ‘Jambavatikalyanam’ in Sanskrit.
Ø His court had the famous ‘Ashtadiggajas’/8 Telugu poets.
Ø Allashani Pedanna who wrote ‘Manucharita’ was called ‘Andhra kavitapitamaha’.
SOME OF THE TRAVELLERS WHO VISITED THE KINGDOM
Ø Nicolo Conti was a Venetian traveler. He came during the time of Devaraya I.
Ø Domingo Paes visited Krishnadeva Raya’s court.
Ø Barboss visited Krishnadeva Raya’s court.
Ø Abdur Razzaq visited during the time of Devaraya II.
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BAHMANI KINGDOM
Ø The kingdom was founded by Alauddin Bahman Shah. Sometimes known as Hassan Gangu.
Ø The earlier capital was at Gulbarga.
Ø Ahmad Shah Wali shifted his capital to Bidar.
Ø The king Humayun is known for his cruelty and got the title ‘Zalim Huamyun’.
Ø The kingdom reached its height and zenith during the Chief Minstership of Mahmud Gawan.
BAHMANI KINGDOM DYNASTY TABLE
DYNASTY KINGDOM
IMAD SHAHI BERAR
ADIL SHAHI BIJAPUR
NIZAM SHAHI AHMADNAGAR
QUTUB SHAHI GOLCONDA
BARID SHAHI BEDAR
With the death of Kalimullah, the dynasty came to an end.
Ø Battle of Talikota, (January 1565), was a confrontation between the forces of the Hindu raja of Vijayanagar and the four Muslim sultans of Bijapur, Bidar, Ahmadnagar, and Golconda in the Indian Deccan.
Ø The capital city of Vijayanagar was captured, destroyed over a period of five months.
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