Solar wind might have played a key role in turning the Martian climate from an early, warm and wet environment to the cold, arid planet today.
In a first, NASA’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) mission has revealed the process that may have played a key role in turning the Martian climate from an early, warm and wet environment supporting life to a cold, arid planet today.
MAVEN is the first mission devoted to understanding how the sun might have influenced atmospheric changes on the Red Planet.
The latest data enabled researchers to determine the rate at which the Martian atmosphere currently is losing gas to space via stripping by the solar wind.
The erosion of Mars’ atmosphere increases significantly during solar storms, the authors noted.
“Mars appears to have had a thick atmosphere warm enough to support liquid water which is a key ingredient and medium for life as we currently know it,” said John Grunsfeld, astronaut and associate administrator for the NASA Science Mission Directorate in Washington, DC.
“Learning what can cause changes to a planet’s environment from one that could host microbes at the surface to one that doesn’t is important to know, and is a key question that is being addressed in NASA’s journey to Mars,” he added.
MAVEN measurements indicate that the solar wind strips away gas at a rate of about 100 grams every second.
“Like the theft of a few coins from a cash register every day, the loss becomes significant over time,” added Bruce Jakosky, MAVEN principal investigator at the University of Colorado, Boulder.
“We have seen that the atmospheric erosion increases significantly during solar storms. We think the loss rate was much higher billions of years ago when the sun was young and more active,” he explained.
In addition, a series of dramatic solar storms hit Mars’ atmosphere in March 2015 and MAVEN found that the loss was accelerated.
The combination of greater loss rates and increased solar storms in the past suggests that loss of atmosphere to space was likely a major process in changing the Martian climate.
The solar wind is a stream of particles, mainly protons and electrons, flowing from the sun’s atmosphere at a speed of about one million miles per hour.
The magnetic field carried by the solar wind as it flows past Mars can generate an electric field, much as a turbine on Earth can be used to generate electricity.
This electric field accelerates electrically charged gas atoms, called ions, in Mars’ upper atmosphere and shoots them into space.
New results indicate that the loss is experienced in three different regions of the Red Planet.
The team determined that almost 75 percent of the escaping ions come from the “tail” region and nearly 25 percent are from the “plume” region, with just a minor contribution from the “extended cloud”.
Ancient regions on Mars bear signs of abundant water — such as features resembling valleys carved by rivers and mineral deposits that only form in the presence of liquid water.
These features have led scientists to think that billions of years ago, the atmosphere of Mars was much denser and warm enough to form rivers, lakes and perhaps even oceans of liquid water.
Recently, NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter observed the seasonal appearance of hydrated salts indicating briny liquid water on Mars.
However, the current Martian atmosphere is far too cold and thin to support long-lived or extensive amounts of liquid water on the planet’s surface.
“Solar-wind erosion is an important mechanism for atmospheric loss and was important enough to account for significant change in the Martian climate,” noted Joe Grebowsky, MAVEN project scientist.
The results appeared in the journals Science and Geophysical Research Letters.
