What is the issue?
Disagreement between States, absence of a legal framework for Central intervention and environmental issues are obstacles in river interlinking.
What is the importance of rivers in India?
- A river is the lifeline of the masses and supports wild life.
- The river system is a major source of irrigation, provides potable water and cheap transportation, helps in electricity generation, and is a source of livelihood for the people.
- Out of total utilisable surface water resources of 690 billion cubic meter (BCM), only 65% is currently utilised in India, the rest falls into the sea.
- This maintains the ecological balance of land and oceans and freshwater and sea.
- However, there is spatial and temporal variation of water availability.
- Due to this, droughts and floods often coexist in India.
What are the measures taken so far?
- In 1980, the Central government prepared a National Perspective on Water Development.
- It envisaged inter-basin water transfer comprising 30 water-link projects and about 3,000 storages connecting 37 Himalayan and Peninsular rivers.
- Though the scheme is likely to cost $123 billion, it will help create 35 gigawatt of hydropower, irrigate 35 million hectares, and usher in navigation and fishery benefits.
- Of the 30 water-link projects, Ken-Betwa Link project involving Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, is at an advanced stage of preparation.
- This project aims to transfer surplus water from the Ken river to Betwa basin through canals to irrigate land, supply drinking water to drought-prone Bundelkhand region, and generate hydro power.
- Though this project been accorded all statutory clearances, a water-sharing arrangement between the two States is pending.
- However, in the case of Renuka dam project in the Upper Yamuna basin, five States recently entered into a water-sharing pact.
- Thus, there are clearly many challenges in implementation of inter-basin water transfer projects.
What should be done?
- Evolving consensus - The States with surplus water resources do not generally agree that there is such surplus.
- It is difficult for donor and donee States to come to an agreement as the latter often demand more water.
- The States are also apprehensive about disturbing the existing allocation of water as per awards.
- There is thus a need to evolve consensus among the States concerned.
- Further, to mitigate the likely adverse impact of climate change, long- and short-term measures, including inter-basin water transfer, is the need of the hour.
- Need for Legislation - At present, there is no legislative framework through which the Central government can intervene in this regard.
- Most of the river basins are inter-State.
- The Constitution allows the Centre to regulate and develop inter-State rivers and river valleys as per Entry 56 of the Union List.
- Thus, one or more Central legislation should be passed using this Entry for facilitating inter-basin transfer.
- Environmental concerns - The inter-basin water transfer (IBWT) projects are like other water resources projects and hence the environmental concerns of IBWT projects are similar.
- Thus, all environmental issues and concerns such as submergence of forest areas and biodiversity loss need to be addressed in a holistic manner if benefits are to outweigh costs.
- Rehabilitation and resettlement- The IBWT projects require construction of reservoirs and link canals and these involve substantial submergence.
- Further, canal construction also requires land acquisitions.
- Thus rehabilitation and resettlement (R&R) is an important issue.
- There is a need to have diverse innovative and attractive R&R packages for project-affected persons so that they support the project on their own.
- International co-operation- Many of the link rivers flow through the neighbouring countries and hence require international co-operation.
- For example, main components of six Himalayan link projects fall in Nepal and Bhutan.
- There is a need of hydro diplomacy with these two neighbours to evolve a consensus.
- Similarly, the Sankosh project (Manas-Sankosh-Teesta-Ganga Link) also requires interaction with Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan, calling for consensus among these countries with India.
- On the whole, India needs to constitute a National Water Mission on river linkingto address various issues, that are macro as well as project-specific in a time-bound manner.
